Anglo Saxon History Home Background Landscape Changing Landscape and Language Sea Levels in AD400(Pevensey) Sea Levels in AD400(The Wash) Sea level changes last 2000 years Andredsweald and Anderida Where are the Roman Roads History of the Romney Marsh The Great Storm 1287AD List of Landscape Documents Local The Haestingas The Cinque Ports 914AD Alfred the Great's fort in Hastings Battle Museum Battle History Society Villagenet Local Gazeteer World War 2 Tank database Simon the Piman(Raspberry Pi) Romans First Invasion 55BC Second Invasion 43AD Roman roads in Britannia Ptolemy Geographica Tribes MAP-Margary Roman Roads MAP-Roman Roads South East MAP-Roman Roads South West MAP-Roman Roads Wales MAP-Roman Roads South Midlands MAP-Roman Roads South Yorkshire MAP-Roman Locations Norfolk MAP-Roman Locations Essex MAP-Wealden Roads/Bloomeries Wealden Bloomeries 1st Century Wealden Bloomeries 2nd Century Wealden Bloomeries 3rd Century Wealden Bloomeries 4th Century MAP-Antonine Itinery I Roman Industry in the Brede Valley Decline in Roman Wealden Ironworking The Gallic Empire 260AD - 274AD Types of Roman Fortification List of Roman Documents Saxon Chronicles 449AD Hengest & Horsa arrive 455AD Hengest & Horsa defeat Wurtgern 457AD Hengest & Horsa take over Kent 460AD Hæstinga Saxons arrive 477AD Cymensora 485AD Suth Saxons Mercredesburnan 491AD Suth Saxons Pevensey 914AD Burghal Hideage Locations - 449AD Ebbsfleet Locations - 455AD Agelesþrep Locations - 485AD Mearcredesburnan Stede Locations - 914AD Eorpeburnan 1066 Battle Documentary Evidence Available Documents  1 Anglo Saxon Chronicles  2 Battle Abbey Chronicles  3 Bayeux Tapestry  4 Carmen Guy d'Amiens  5 Florence of Worcester  6 Henry of Huntingdon  7 Master Wace  8 Orderic Vitalis(Gesta)  9 William of Jumièges(Gesta) 10 William of Malmesbury 11 Quedam Exceptiones Reference to Locations Phases of the Events Phases 1066AD  1 Background 1066AD  2 In Normandy 1066AD  3 Channel Crossing 1066AD  4 The Landing 1066AD  5 Feast after Landing 1066AD  6 Building the Forts 1066AD  7 Raiding the Area 1066AD  8 Warning to Harold 1066AD  9 Stamford Bridge 1066AD 10 Harold returns to London 1066AD 11 William is Alerted 1066AD 12 Exchange of Messages 1066AD 13 Defenses 1066AD 14 Harold Reconnoitres 1066AD 15 Preparations 1066AD 16 The Night Before 1066AD 17 The Battle 1066AD 18 Harold is Killed 1066AD 19 The English Rout 1066AD 20 After the Battle 1066AD 21 The Malfosse Warriors, Weapons & Snippets Saxon - Huscarl Saxon - Fyrd(Fyrð) Senlac Hill The Malfosse The Hoar Apple Tree The Shield Wall Salt Production near Hastings The Battle of Jengland 851AD William's Ship List Norman/Viking Ships and stuff Norman bows and crossbows Harold was NOT killed by an arrow The Time Team view of the Battle 1066AD Landscape Details 1066AD Sailing from Normandy 1066AD Norman Landing 1066AD Possible Fort 1066AD to Pevensey and Hastings 1066AD Manors Wasted 1066AD Manors All 1066AD Warning to Harold 1066AD Harold to Hastings  List of 1066AD Documents List of 1066AD Weapons 1086AD Domesday Boundary of Anderida Domesday Hursts Post Domesday Hursts Domesday Manors Wasted UK Norfolk Salt Production Salt Production near Hastings The Wash at 1086 The Humber estuary at 1086 Domesday County details B Bedfordshire Domesday Population Berkshire Domesday Population Buckinghamshire Domesday Population Domesday County details C Cambridgeshire Domesday Population Cheshire Domesday Population Cornwall Domesday Population Domesday County details D Derbyshire Domesday Population Devon Domesday Population Dorset Domesday Population Domesday County details E Essex Domesday Population Domesday County details G Gloucestershire Domesday Population Domesday County details H Hampshire Domesday Population Herefordshire Domesday Population Hertfordshire Domesday Population Huntingdonshire Domesday Population Domesday County details K Kent Domesday Population Domesday County details L Leicestershire Domesday Population Lincolnshire Domesday Population Domesday County details M Middlesex Domesday Population Domesday County details N Norfolk Domesday Population Northamptonshire Domesday Population Nottinghamshire Domesday Population Domesday County details O Oxfordshire Domesday Population Domesday County details R Rutland Domesday Population Domesday County details S Shropshire Domesday Population Somerset Domesday Population Staffordshire Domesday Population Suffolk Domesday Population Surrey Domesday Population Sussex Domesday Population Domesday County details W Warwickshire Domesday Population Wiltshire Domesday Population Worcestershire Domesday Population Domesday County details Y Yorkshire Domesday Population Place names Translate my Location Celtic name snippets Jutish name snippets Roman name snippets Saxon name snippets Viking name snippets Norman name snippets Modern name snippets Villages containing EY/EYE/SEA Villages containing HAM Villages containing TON Villages containing CASTLE Sussex Locations with ING Domesday Sussex with ING Kent Locations with ING Sussex Locations with HURST Loads of Village Translations Res Roman Locations that have not been identified and roads that just terminate   The reason for this page I hope on this page to show both Roman road that appear to stop and also Roman locations that no one has as yet identified. The reason for this page Why I am using the high tide/sea level as 4.5 metres higher Roman roads that just appear to terminate inland Margary road M38 - Smallburgh to Denver Margary M51 - Ilchester to Puriton  Margary M27 - Lincoln to Burgh Le Marsh  Margary M273 - Stixwould to Saltfleet  Margary M58b - Grantham(Saltersford) to Donington  Margary M332 - Roudham Heath to Hockwold  Margary M23b - Cambridge to Littleport  And now some in Northern Europe Notitia dignitatum XXXVIII. Dux Belgicae secundae. Map of Northern France and Belgium with the sea at 4.5 metres OD.   Why I am using the high tide/sea level as 4.5 metres higher ▲ I have been working on the translations of Saxon Settlement names for about 20 years now and I think I can explain a lot of the names by raising the high tide/sea level by about 4.5 metres in Early Saxon/Late Roman times. My logic for this is found on these pages: Landscape - Was the sea level in Saxon times at Pevensey 4 to 5 metres higher ? Was the high tide in Saxon times 5 metres higher ? - the Wash and a theoretical explanation of why which may or may not be correct Landscape - High Tide changes in the last 2000 years   Roman roads that just appear to terminate inland ▲   The Roman European roads described are from Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire and the UK ones are from our maps of Ivan D Margary taken from his book 'Roman Roads in Britain'. Please note that the darker shaded areas show the sea at approximately 4.5 metres above current levels, please note this is an approximation as I don't have a way of accurately plotting this. To see a more accurate version please go to flood.firetree.net and choose 5 metres in the pull down.   Margary road M38 - Smallburgh to Denver ▲   Margary describes the Smallburgh end of the road as This east-west road has only recently been recognised as a major route, although part of it on Marsham Heath has long been known. It appears to be the obvious eastward continuation of the Fen Road(25) from Durobrivae and Peterborough through Denver to the east coast, perhaps to the Roman site at Caistor next Yarmouth, or to a port now destroyed by the severe coastal erosion, but it has not yet been identified east of the river Ant at Smallburgh If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Smallburgh would have been a port on the coast as shown in the Google map.   Margary M51 - Ilchester to Puriton  ▲   Margary describes the Puriton end of the road as At Bawdrip after crossing the railway, it is lost for 1/2 mile but then reappears as a lane past the north side of Knowle Hall grounds, and continuing straight along the ridge to its very tip at Dunhall, near Puriton, no doubt to connect to a small harbour on the estuary of the river Parrett. If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Dunhall would have been on the coast as shown in the Google map.   Margary M27 - Lincoln to Burgh Le Marsh  ▲   Margary describes the Burgh Le Marsh end of the road as Then beyond Candlesby Hill a hedgerow in the same line marks it up to the east side of Welton vicarage, but beyond this there is no trace, until on the north west outskirts of Burgh le Marsh, the lane leading back to Orby marks the line for 1/2 mile into Burgh. This is the last certain portion of the alignment, which if continued beyond Burgh would have crossed the marshes to the coast. If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Burgh le Marsh would have been on the coast as shown in the Google map   Margary M273 - Stixwould to Saltfleet  ▲   M273 Stixwould to Saltfleet It was probably continued south-westward near Stixwould on the edge of the fens, and may have had a connection through Woodhall Spa and North Kyme with the Sleaford road but this is uncertain. This is the eastward description of this road. If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Stixwould would have been on the coast as shown in the Google map   Margary M58b - Grantham(Saltersford) to Donington  ▲   M58b Grantham(Saltersford) to Donington After passing Swaton, where it turns a little to the south-east, it crosses the belt of fen land and bears the name Bridge End Causeway, reaching Donington just beyond, and no definite course has been traced onwards. It would seem from our names research that a causeway was a raised road constructed so it was significantly higher that the surrounding area. If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Donington would have been on the coast as shown in the Google map   Margary M332 - Roudham Heath to Hockwold  ▲   M332 Roudham Heath to Hockwold The present road deviates through the village, but the line is continued by a hedgerow and footpath until, just beyond, the present road resumes the line and continues very straight for 3 1/2 miles to Hockwold and through the village right to the edge of the fenland area If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Hockwold would have been on the coast as shown in the Google map   Margary M23b - Cambridge to Littleport  ▲   M23b Cambridge to Littleport The Ely road returns to the line for the last 1/2 mile to the town, and it is likely that this line was followed by the Roman road right on to Littleport, rather to the west of the centre of Ely If you accept that our description of the sea level being about 4.5 metres higher in Roman times, then Littleport would have been in the sea as shown in the Google map   And now some in Northern Europe ▲   Notitia dignitatum ▲ The Notitia Dignitatum (Latin for "The List of Offices") is a document of the Late Roman Empire that details the administrative organization of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. It is unique as one of very few surviving documents of Roman government, and describes several thousand offices from the imperial court to provincial governments, diplomatic missions, and army units. It is usually considered to be accurate for the Western Roman Empire in the AD 420s and for the Eastern or Byzantine Empire in the AD 390s. These details are an extract from the Wikipedia entry for the Notitia dignitatum.   XXXVIII. Dux Belgicae secundae. ▲   This is the original latin from the Notitia dignitatum Sub dispositione viri spectabilis ducis Balgicae secundae: Equites Dalmatae, Marcis in litore Saxonico. Praefectus classis Sambricae, in loco Quartensi siue Hornensi. Tribunus militum Neruiorum, Portu Epatiaci. Which translates into Under the command of the handsome Duke of Balgica the Second: Dalmatian horsemen, Marcus on the Saxon coast. Commander of the Sambrian fleet, in place of Quartense or Hornes. Tribune of the Nerui soldiers, Portu Epatiacus. This is another extract from Wikipedia The Notitia also includes two separate commands for the northern coast of Gaul, both of which belonged to the Saxon Shore system. However, when the list was compiled, in c. 420 AD, Britain had been abandoned by Roman forces. The first command controlled the shores of the province Belgica Secunda (roughly between the estuaries of the Scheldt and the Somme), under the dux Belgicae Secundae with headquarters at Portus Aepatiaci Marcae (unidentified location near Calais, possibly Marquise or Marck), garrisoned by the Equites Dalmatae. In the Notitia, together with Grannona, it is the only site on the Gallic shore to be explicitly referred to as lying in litore Saxonico. Locus Quartensis sive Hornensis (probably at the mouth of the Somme), the port of the classis Sambrica ("Fleet of the Somme") Portus Aepatiaci (possibly Étaples), garrisoned by the milites Nervii. Although not mentioned in the Notitia, the port of Gesoriacum or Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer), which until 296 was the main base of the Classis Britannica, would also have come under the dux Belgicae Secundae Map of Northern France and Belgium with the sea at 4.5 metres OD. ▲   This map is derived from the Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire From this map of Northern France and Belgium we can see that the coastline has changed significantly from Roman times, this map also shows Roman roads that cannot be traced beyond the 4.5 metre sea level. Also from this map it would seem that Marcae was either at modern Ardres, Arques or Burgues, as these would all have been on the coast. Copyright saxonhistory.co.uk 2013 - 2024 Contact Simon Author Simon M - Last updated - 2024-07-16 15:20:34 All pages on our site (Sitemap)